Chartwell, Kent
Chartwell’s land has historical past relationship again to the 14th century and it’s thought to have been constructed on as early because the sixteenth century, with Historic England noting that among the Tudor brickwork remains to be seen on exterior partitions.
Chartwell, now a Grade I listed constructing, grew to become the household dwelling of Sir Winston Churchill in 1922.
The report attracts on his management in the course of the Bengal Famine of 1943, his ‘exceptionally lengthy, advanced and controversial life’ and his place as Secretary of State for the Colonies (1921-1922) as the rationale for its inclusion on the record.
They additionally word the very fact he opposed the independence of India.
The National Trust stated it doesn’t wish to censor historical past, however added that it has an obligation to tell its guests in regards to the origins its properties (above, Churchill’s former dwelling, Chartwell)
Bateman’s, East Sussex
Bateman’s is a Grade I listed constructing constructed in 1634 and was the house of writer Rudyard Kipling from 1902 till his dying in 1936.
The National Trust lists the house of Rudyard Kipling as a result of ‘the British Empire was a central theme and context of his literary output’.
Allan Bank, Cumbria
Allan Bank is a Grade II listed constructing in Grasmere that was as soon as the house to Romantic poet William Wordsworth from 1808 to 1811.
Despite noting his opposition to slavery, the house of poet William Wordsworth – Allan Bank within the Lake District – is included as a result of his brother, John, served as Commander of an East India Company ship in 1801 and captained two profitable voyages to China.
Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire
The abbey was bought by Samuel Shepheard, a rich service provider and Cambridgeshire Member of Parliament (MP) who served as director of the brand new East India Company and headed the South Sea Company.
His father, Samuel Shepheard Senior, was one of many founding members of the brand new East India Company and the South Sea Company and the report notes his household fortune was constructed on abroad commerce.
Blickling Hall, Norfolk
Blickling Hall is a stately dwelling inbuilt 1616 and was inherited by William Schomberg Robert Kerr, eighth Marquess of Lothian within the Nineteenth century.
Kerr’s grandfather was Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 2nd Earl Talbot of Hensol.
As an executor and trustee of two plantations in Jamaica, Charles obtained £4,660 for 543 enslaved folks.
During the Second World War, the home was requisitioned and served because the Officers’ Mess of close by RAF Oulton.
It got here underneath the guardianship of the National Trust in 1940.
Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk
This property was owned by William Windham III (1750 – 1810), a long-serving MP and up to date of the anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce.
According to the report, Windham was certainly one of solely 16 MPs to vote against the Abolition Bill in 1807 and, as Secretary for War and the Colonies in 1806, he believed abolition would end in Britain’s financial break.
Hatfield Forest Shell House, Essex
Hatfield Forest got here underneath the possession of Jacob Houblon III in 1732.
Houblon got here from a big household of bankers and merchants and the household identify seems in paperwork relationship from 1674 that point out the Houblons had established a enterprise partnership with the plantation-owning Hankey household.
The home itself was constructed by Jacob Houblon III in 1757 and the report states it’s intently linked to the story of West Indies commerce within the eighteenth century.
The inside and exterior are embossed with shells from the Caribbean, West Africa and the Indo-Pacific. Cowrie shells are related to the transatlantic slave commerce, based on the National Trust.
Ickworth, Suffolk
Trust consultants say Ickworth was owned by Admiral Augustus John Hervey, third Earl of Bristol whose household had sturdy hyperlinks to the slave commerce.
The report states that the Hervey household is linked to Jamaican plantations by a wedding settlement made on the time of the union in 1798 of Elizabeth Hervey and Charles Rose Ellis, Lord Seaford.
It features a record of 349 named enslaved males, girls and youngsters on the Montpelier Estate in Jamaica, who had been to be transferred together with different property together with a sugar works.
Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk
The National Trust states that Oxburgh Hall is included as a result of the son of former proprietor Sir Richard Bedingfeld served for a lot of his profession as a British authorities colonial official within the West Indies.
Felix Bedingfeld bought a plantation in 1833 and, three years later, obtained compensation of £1,024 for the 61 enslaved individuals who labored there.
Peckover House, Cambridgeshire
Jonathan Peckover was a tradesman and managed the Wisbech and Lincolnshire Bank in a banking corridor adjoining the home.
The National Trust’s report states that the Peckovers had been Quakers, lots of whom believed that every one individuals are created equal within the eyes of God and campaigned for the abolition of slavery.
The Peckover household had been among the many founders of the Wisbech & Fenland Museum whose assortment consists of the campaigning chest of slavery artefacts and African items.
Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire
Sir Thomas Chicheley of Wimpole Hall was married to Sarah Russell – the daughter of a politician and director of the East India Company.
The corridor was later inherited by Henrietta Cavendish Holles who married into the Harley household in 1713.
Robert Harley, who, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, established the South Sea Company in 1711 and was related to plantations in Barbados, Antigua and Surinam, based on the National Trust.
Henrietta’s daughter married William Bentinck, whose father was a plantation proprietor.
The Trust go on to say that in 1740, Wimpole was bought by Philip Yorke who, as Attorney General, acknowledged that runaway enslaved folks coming to Great Britain or Ireland from the West Indies weren’t free.
This gave slavers the authorized proper to implement their return to the plantations.
Ankerwycke, Surrey
The Trust’s report particulars how the Ankerwycke Estate was bought within the early nineteenth century by John Blagrove the Younger, a plantation proprietor.
At the time of his dying, he was the proprietor of 1,500 enslaved women and men in Jamaica.
The report states: ‘In his will, he left every of them a greenback ‘as a small token of my regard for his or her trustworthy and affectionate service and keen labours to myself and my household’.’
Ashdown House, Berkshire
Ashdown House was constructed by William Craven who had a share within the colony of Carolina and was appointed a governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company and Commissioner for Tangier.
Basildon Park, Berkshire
This Grade I listed constructing was constructed between 1776 and 1783 for Francis Sykes, an East India Company official who returned to Berkshire from India with wealth and a style for luxurious, based on the Trust.
The report additionally says it is thought Sykes returned with a minimum of one servant, stating: ‘his will mentions the ‘Black servant Thomas Radakissan’.’
Bodiam Castle, East Sussex
This fortress was constructed within the 14th century to assist defend the realm from the French in the course of the Hundred Years’ War.
After it got here underneath the possession of Lord Thanet within the Seventeenth century, it was offered to Parliament to assist pay fines and subsequently fell into break.
The Trust says the fortress, now a Grade I listed constructing, was saved from destruction by John Fuller who purchased the fortress in 1828.
The report states: ‘Fuller inherited an property close to Bodiam and a plantation in Jamaica, together with enslaved folks, from his uncle, Rose Fuller MP.
‘Rose relied on his brothers Stephen and Thomas to course of and commerce sugar when it arrived in England. John and Rose Fuller had been anti-abolitionists.’
Carlyle’s House, Greater London
A typical Georgian terraced home in Chelsea, Carlyle’s House was the house of writer, biographer and historian Thomas Carlyle.
The report notes Carlyle’s essay, printed in Fraser’s Magazine in 1849, which advocated for the reintroduction of slavery to the West Indies.
It additionally states that in his work Shooting Niagara: And After? (1867), ‘Carlyle inspired historic perceptions of racial hierarchies and promoted the concept Africans had been born for servitude’.
Clandon Park, Surrey
This Grade I listed constructing was constructed within the early 18th century by Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow.
The National Trust state that Onslow married Elizabeth Knight ‘who had inherited a considerable fortune from her uncle, together with a plantation in Jamaica that was reliant on the labour of enslaved folks, and the proceeds of his enterprise transporting and buying and selling enslaved folks’.
The property’s gardens additionally characteristic Māori assembly home, named Hinemihi, bought by William Onslow who was Governor of New Zealand from 1888 to 1892. He had it transported again to Clandon park the place it stays.
The Trust states that final 12 months, they struck an settlement to return Hinemihi’s carvings to New Zealand in trade for up to date carvings to type a brand new assembly home.
Claremont, Surrey
The Claremont Estate was bought by Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1914.
Claremont’s gardens, that are owned by the National Trust, is among the oldest surviving gardens of its time, relationship again to the 18th century and is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
The Trust has included the property on its record as Pelham-Holles held quite a few political posts, together with Secretary of State for the Southern Department chargeable for the American Colonies.
It was later bought by Robert Clive with funds he acquired in India.
The Trust states: ‘Clive constructed a brand new mansion match to accommodate his useful Indian objects and rising portray assortment.’
The property was purchased by Charles Rose Ellis, first Baron Seaford round 1798.
He was a descendent of Colonel John Ellis, who established the household fortune by settling in Jamaica in 1665.
Cliveden, Buckinghamshire
This Grade I listed stately dwelling was inbuilt 1851 and is among the National Trust’s hottest points of interest.
The Trust states that the mansion, which has 47 rooms and appears over the River Thames, was the placement of the primary efficiency of the now-controversial track Rule Britannia on August 1, 1740.
The report states that Cliveden was offered in 1849 to George Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland, for £30,000, noting that ‘his spouse, Harriet Howard, was a detailed buddy of Queen Victoria and an enthusiastic proponent of the anti-slavery motion’.
Greys Court, Oxfordshire
This Grade I listed Tudor dwelling as soon as appeared in an episode of season 3 of Downton Abbey.
It has made the National Trust’s record as they are saying it was owned by the London service provider William Paul MP and given as a dowry in 1724 when his daughter Catherine married Sir William Stapleton MP.
Stapleton’s parliamentary profession ‘was carried out largely in help of the pursuits of fellow sugar plantation homeowners within the West Indies’.
Ham House, Greater London
Ham House was constructed within the early Seventeenth century for James I who bestowed it on his son Prince Henry.
It was later owned by Elizabeth Murray Countess of Dysart, later Countess and Duchess of Lauderdale who married John Maitland, 2nd Earl and 1st Duke of Lauderdale.
The Trust’s report states that Lauderdale ‘was a signatory to the Royal constitution founding the Royal English Merchant Adventurers Company Trading to Africa (later the Royal African Company), which had a monopoly on the buying and selling of ivory, gold and slaves alongside the west coast of Africa’.
Hatchlands Park, Surrey
Hatchlands Park includes a stately dwelling inbuilt 1756 which grew to become a Grade II listed constructing in 2007.
The Trust say it was constructed for Admiral Edward Boscawen who was assigned to guard British pursuits in India’.
Boscawen presided over the Siege of Pondicherry in 1748, with a younger Robert Clive underneath his command.
It was offered in 1770 to a lawyer who labored for the East India Company in 1770.
William Brightwell Sumner is alleged to have had a profitable profession in India.
Hinton Ampner, Hampshire
Hinton Ampner is a Grade II listed stately dwelling and gardens that was inbuilt 1790.
It has been included on the Trust’s record of properties linked to colonialism and slavery as a result of it was as soon as lived in by Mary Bilson-Legge, 1st Baroness Stawell and her husband Wills Hill, Lord Hillsborough.
Lord Hillsborough was President of the Board of Trade and Plantations (1763–5) and Secretary of State for the Colonies.
From 1765 to 1772, the home was leased from 1765 to 1772 to William Henry Rickett whose ‘life-style was supported by his possession of a plantation in Jamaica, which he visited on a number of events’.
Hughenden Manor, Buckinghamshire
Hughenden Manor is a Victorian mansion that was as soon as the household dwelling of Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli from 1848 till he died.
The Trust word Disraeli function after the dissolution of the East India Company and the Government of India Act in 1858 which noticed management of British India transferred to the Crown.
As Prime Minister, Disraeli invited Queen Victoria to undertake the title of Empress of India, which she accepted in May 1876, a title which existed till it was dropped in 1948 with the passing of the Indian Independence Act (1947).
Knole, Kent
This palace dates again to the mid-Fifteenth century and is among the nation’s largest homes, occupying as a lot as 4 acres.
It has been included on the National Trust’s record as a result of it was inherited by Richard Sackville, third Earl of Dorset in 1609.
The Trust’s report notes that ‘his family and servants numbered over 100 and the Great Hall seating plan of 1613 to 1624 consists of Grace Robinson on the laundry-maid’s desk and John Morockoe seated with the kitchen and scullery employees. Both names are annotated ‘a Blackamoor’.’
Descendants of Sackville held distinguished political roles together with Governor of the Somers Island Company and Governor of China.
Leith Hill Tower and Countryside, Surrey
Leith Hill Tower was constructed within the 18th century and measures 19.5 metres (64 ft) excessive and as soon as consisted of two rooms ‘neatly furnished’.
The Trust notes that it has been included on the record as a result of it was as soon as owned by William Philip Perrin who inherited 5 sugar plantations in Jamaica, with 135 enslaved folks, from his father.
Morden Hall Park, Greater London
This park makes up 50 hectares – the equal of 93 soccer fields – and options the Morden Hall itself.
The National Trust say this expansive property prospered within the 18th century due to its connection to snuff mills.
The report states that when the property was bought by the Hatfield household within the mid-Nineteenth century, the household relied on sourcing tobacco from plantations in Virginia.
It additionally states the Hatfeild household benefited from marriage connections to the Taddy and Gilliat households, ‘each of whom profited from the tobacco and cotton industries’.
Osterley Park and House, Middlesex
Osterley House, whose inside was used within the Dark Knight Rises movie as a double for Wayne Manor, historically served as a rustic retreat for rich households who wished to get away from the massive cities.
The property was acquired by Sir Francis Child the Elder in 1713 and the report notes the Child household’s hyperlinks to the East India Company which it says elevated the household’s wealth.
It additionally states the house was furnished with Chinese porcelain and Indian textiles.
Owletts, Kent
Owletts, in Kent, is a Grade II listed constructing which dates again to the mid-Seventeenth century.
In 1862, the famend architect Sir Herbert Baker was born there. Baker would go on to design many public buildings in South Africa and India on the peak of the British Empire.
He additionally designed houses for a lot of authorities officers together with Cecil John Rhodes, the prime minister of the Cape Colony.
The report provides: ‘Baker additionally designed India House and South Africa House in London, that are nonetheless utilized by the Indian and South African High Commissions in the present day.’
Petworth, West Sussex
Petworth House is a Seventeenth century Grade I listed nation home owned by the distinguished Wyndam household since 1750.
George O’Brien Wyndham, third Earl of Egremont (1751–1837) supported novelist Charlotte Smith in an unsuccessful try and resolve her monetary affairs by briefly performing as a Trustee of the property of her late father-in-law, the East India Company director and plantation proprietor, Richard Smith.
In taking over this function, Egremont was cited within the battle for Smith’s property in Barbados.
Egremont’s two youthful brothers held royal appointments within the West Indies from childhood.
They by no means visited the islands and their roles had been leased to deputies. Percy Charles Wyndham (1757–1833) was Register in Chancery in Jamaica and Secretary and Clerk of the Court in Barbados and Charles William Wyndham (1760–1828) was Secretary of the Island of Jamaica.
Although there isn’t a household connection, Petworth accommodates the portraits of Circassian Teresia Sampsonia and her husband Sir Robert Shirley.
Shirley was a diplomat to the Persian Shah Abbas and the portraits, painted by Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641), present the couple carrying Persian court docket costume.
Polesden Lacey, Surrey
In the early eighteenth century, Polesden Lacey was owned by the Moore household.
Church information for 1720 point out the baptism of ‘Zebedee an Indian boy somewhat under twenty years old belonging to Arthur Moore Esq.’
Arthur Moore was a financier and MP who held quite a few profitable appointments involving him intently in colonial affairs and the slave commerce.
These included Commissioner of Trade and Plantations and directorships of the Royal African Company and the South Sea Company.
Moore used this wealth to construct Fetcham Park and purchase Polesden Lacey.
Given the surname Lovemoore, Zebedee’s life will be adopted in correspondence and parish information.
He married Mary Fellows in 1726, had a number of kids and continued to work for the Moore household.
Sheffield Park and Garden, Sussex
Sheffield Park and Garden was owned by the West household.
Thomas West, third Baron De La Warr (1577–1618), was appointed the primary Lord Governor of the Virginia Company of London in 1609 and, a 12 months later, Captain-General of Virginia for all times.
The Delaware tribe, bay and river – in addition to the US state – are named after him.
Returning to the colony of Virginia from a visit to England, he died at sea and is believed to be buried in Jamestown.
Stowe, Buckinghamshire
Stowe was owned by the identical household from 1589 till 1921.
Among the Stowe Papers is a 1715 invoice of sale for 272 enslaved folks and ivory bought in Guinea and offered in Jamaica, which can be linked to Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham.
Temple’s nephew, the Rt. Hon. George Grenville, was the daddy of William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, a politician dedicated to the abolition of the slave commerce.
As Prime Minister, he proposed and managed the Slave Trade Act (1807). His nephew, Richard, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, married Anne Elizabeth Brydges (1779–1836).
Anne had inherited the Hope Estate and its enslaved folks by her mom, Anna Eliza, who in flip inherited them from her first husband, Roger Hope Elletson.
Sutton House, Greater London
Sutton House is a Grade II listed constructing in Hackney, constructed for a Tudor courtier within the sixteenth century.
It has been included on the National Trust’s record as a result of between 1624 and 1641, it ‘belonged to an East India Company service provider named Captain John Milward, a dealer in luxurious items, significantly silks’.
The report notes that Milward’s older brother, Humphrey, was one of many 214 founders of the East India Company.
West Wycombe Park, Buckinghamshire
The National Trust states that West Wycombe Park has connections to the East India Company and was as soon as owned by Samuel Dashwood and his brother, Sir Francis Dashwood, 1st Baronet.
According to the report, the brothers had been profitable London retailers, importing silk and different luxurious items.
Samuel grew to become the East India Company’s Vice-Governor in 1700 and was appointed Lord Mayor of London two years later.
Francis, additionally an alderman of town, was, by 1680, the most important importer of silk from Smyrna in Turkey and maintained hyperlinks with Elihu Yale, the agent for the East India Company in Madras.
Belton House, Lincolnshire
Belton House is a Grade I listed nation home constructed between 1685 and 1688 and was inherited by John Cust, 1st Earl Brownlow, in 1807.
The household of his second spouse, Caroline Fludyer, had benefited from authorities contracts within the North American colonies, and his father-in-law, George Fludyer, voted for Charles James Fox’s 1783 invoice to problem the ability of the East India Company.
In 1821, John’s youthful brother, Sir Edward Cust, 1st Baronet , married Mary Anne Boode (1799–1882), the daughter of a robust Dutch slave-holding household.
Edward and John grew to become joint trustees and executors of the property owned by Margaret Boode (Mary’s mom), Greenwich Park in British Guiana, together with 185 enslaved folks.
Berrington Hall, Herefordshire
Berrington Hall was constructed between 1778 and 1781 for Thomas Harley, an MP and banker.
Using his spouse’s wealth, Harley established an organization supplying clothes and wages to the military in the course of the American War of Independence.
According to the National Trust, his banking partnership of Harley Cameron & Co. had Indian transport pursuits, however collapsed in 1797.
Chairing a secret parliamentary committee on East Indian Affairs in 1772, he launched a invoice to restrain the East India Company.
He later voted against Charles James Fox’s East India Bill, which sought to change the stability of energy between authorities and the corporate.
Harley’s fifth daughter, Margaret, married Sir John Boyd, 2nd Baronet.
The National Trust states that Boyd was co-owner of plantations on St Vincent and St Kitts, with between 170 and 200 enslaved folks. He had inherited the plantations from his father, Sir John Boyd, 1st Baronet, who was Deputy Chairman of the East India Company from 1759 to 1760.
Calke Abbey, Derbyshire
The Harpur household acquired the Calke Estate in 1622.
A brand new mansion, incorporating elements of an older Elizabethan home, was constructed between 1701 and 1704 for Sir John Harpur, 4th Baronet.
His sister, Anne Harpur, married Borlase Warren of Stapleford, Nottinghamshire.
He was grandfather of Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, who was made Commander-in-Chief of the consolidated North American, Jamaican and Leeward Islands squadrons in 1812 in the course of the Anglo-American struggle.
Sir John’s Harpur’s son, Edward, married Mary Newton, daughter of Samuel Newton of Kings Bromley, Staffordshire in 1741.
The Newton household had owned the eponymous Newton Plantation in Barbados for the reason that late seventeenth century.
Sir John’s daughter, Catherine Harpur, married Sir Henry Gough, MP and East India Company service provider (1735–51).
Charlecote Park, Warwickshire
Charlecote Park is a grand sixteenth century mansion surrounded by its personal park on the banks of the River Avon.
According to the Trust, Charlecote Park has been dwelling to the Lucy household for the reason that late twelfth century.
The present home was constructed by Sir Thomas Lucy within the 1550s.
His great-great-grandson Thomas Lucy inherited the property in 1677 and served as Captain of the Household Guards in the course of the Dutch Wars of the 1670s.
A portrait by Godfrey Kneller within the National Trust’s assortment depicts Lucy ‘with an unidentified younger black groom or web page carrying a steel collar’.
The Trust’s report states that Charlecote’s assortment consists of quite a lot of objects related to the siege of Lucknow in India together with an eighteenth-century silver costume sword and scabbard.
Coughton Court, Warwickshire
Coughton Court was constructed within the sixteenth century and was as soon as used within the BBC sequence Father Brown.
The manor of Coughton had lengthy been owned by the Throckmorton household and Elizabeth Throckmorton grew to become Gentlewoman to the Privy Chamber of Elizabeth I.
In 1591, she secretly married Sir Walter Ralegh, who, between 1585 and 1590, had unsuccessfully tried to ascertain the primary English colony on Roanoke Island, now North Carolina.
In 1763, Sir Robert Throckmorton, 4th Baronet, married Lucy Heywood. There had been no kids from the wedding.
Lucy’s grandfather, Sir Abraham Elton, 2nd Baronet, was a slave-trader and politician.
Croft Castle, Herefordshire
Croft was held by Bernard de Croft on the time of Domesday Book (1086).
The National Trust says the fortress continued to be owned by the Croft household till money owed incurred in the course of the South Sea Company crash compelled its sale by Sir Archer Croft, 2nd Baronet, in 1746.
His father, Sir Herbert Croft, 1st Baronet (c.1652–1720), was concerned with the East India Company, as was his father-in-law, Thomas Archer (c.1619–85).
Through his marriage to Sophia Cleeve (1754–92), Rev. Sir Herbert Croft, fifth Baronet (1751–1816), grew to become executor to the property of his mother-in-law, Elizabeth Cleeve, in Antigua (untraced), and a reversionary curiosity within the property could have shaped a part of their marriage settlement in 1779.
Croome Court, Worcestershire
Croome D’Abitot was bought 1592 by Sir Thomas Coventry.
In 1715, Gilbert Coventry, 4th Earl of Coventry, married Anne Master, daughter of Sir Streynsham Master, who had joined the East India Company in 1659 and in 1677 grew to become Governor of Fort St George, Madras.
In 1821, William Coventry, son of George William, seventh Earl (1758–1831), married Mary Laing in Jamaica.
Mary was the daughter of James Laing, who, collectively along with his companions, owned, or was related to, 48 plantations.
The largest, Goshen Estate, St Ann, held over 450 enslaved folks, based on the National Trust.
In 1835, Anna Maria Coventry (1766–1837), daughter-in-law of the sixth Earl, obtained compensation for six enslaved folks on Clifford Cottage Estate, St Ann, Jamaica.
Dudmaston, Shropshire
The Wolryche household’s sixteenth-century fortified manor at Dudmaston was changed by the current home, which was constructed between 1695 and 1701 for Sir Thomas Wolryche, third Baronet.
The property handed to the Whitmore household later within the eighteenth century and was inherited by William Wolryche-Whitmore in 1815.
Serving as a Whig MP for Bridgnorth and, later, Wolverhampton, he targeted on commerce, agriculture and commerce.
He served on the East India Committee, the place he warned of the impact of British colonialism on India’s financial system and advocated for enhancements to the working lives of Indian populations, resembling these labouring within the indigo commerce.
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
Generations of the Cavendish household, the previous homeowners of Hardwick Hall, had colonial pursuits, together with William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, the son of Elizabeth Talbot (Bess of Hardwick), Countess of Shrewsbury.
Cavendish had investments within the Russia Company, the Somers Island Company, and the North-West Passage Company, in addition to appreciable investments within the East India Company.
Lord William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, grandson of the 4th Duke of Devonshire, was Governor General of India and oversaw a interval of social, financial and political reform.
According to the National Trust, he additionally made an unsuccessful declare for a plantation in Trinidad as an incumbrancer (somebody having a authorized declare on an property) underneath the wedding settlement of Marc René, Count de Montalembert (1810–70).
Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire
Kedleston Hall, described as a ‘a temple to the arts’ within the first guidebook to the home in 1769, was constructed from 1758 for Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Baron Scarsdale.
Alfred Nathaniel Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale married Blanche Senhouse, granddaughter of Sir Joseph Senhouse, proprietor of estates in Dominica and Tobago.
In 1776, Senhouse’s Dominican plantation and its enslaved folks had been valued at £11,607 15s.
George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Viscount Scarsdale, served as Under-Secretary of State for India in 1891 and Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.
During his tenure, he made many reforms, however he opposed calls for from Indian nationalists for better participation in authorities.
Lyveden, Northamptonshire
In 1732, Lyveden handed to Anne Robinson, Lady Gowran, the spouse of Richard Fitzpatrick, 1st Baron Gowran, and granddaughter of Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet.
During the 1660s and 1670s, Sir John was a member of the Levant Company, the East India Company and the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa, in addition to Deputy Governor of the Hudson Bay Company.
Lyveden was inherited by the feminine line, and Robert Vernon Smith was created 1st Baron Lyveden in 1859.
Robert offered a petition for the abolition of slavery in 1830 and served on the choose committee on West Indian commerce.
He was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies and President of the Board of Control, overseeing the East India Company in the course of the Great Rebellion of India.
Shugborough, Staffordshire
The National Trust report states that Shugborough was acquired in 1624 by William Anson, a barrister of Lincoln’s Inn, and was extensively developed by his two great-grandsons.
In 1740, Admiral Anson circumnavigated the globe, enterprise official piracy within the Spanish-controlled Americas.
He sailed into Canton (now Guangzhou) in 1742 and the next 12 months, he captured the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga off the Pacific coast, amassing almost a 3rd of the £400,000 price of silver on board.
Shugborough was inherited in 1773 by Thomas Anson’s nephew George Adams, later Anson.
His daughter, Mary Anson, married Sir Francis Ford, 1st Baronet, who is understood to have owned as many as seven plantations in Barbados.
Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire
Sudbury Hall has been together with on the record as a result of, based on the National Trust, it was constructed within the 1660s for George Vernon whose third spouse, Catherine, was daughter of Sir Thomas Vernon, a director of the East India Company.
Catherine’s sister Judith married John Aislabie, a former Chancellor of the Exchequer, who was compelled to resign in 1721, following the collapse of the South Sea Company.
George Venables Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon, the grandson of George Vernon, married Mary Howard in 1733.
The report notes that her sister, Anne, the spouse of Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet, seems along with a black male web page who’s carrying a steel slave collar in a portrait of 1737 within the Sudbury Hall assortment.
Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire
This fortress dates again to the thirteenth century however was largely rebuilt within the Fifteenth century.
The Trust notes that it was bought by Edward Fiennes de Clinton, ninth Baron Clinton, who was created 1st Earl of Lincoln in 1572.
Thomas Clinton, third Earl of Clinton, a descendant, provided artillery to the East India Company in 1619.
His son, Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl, supported the needs of fellow Puritans within the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company and the institution of its colony in North America.
Mount Stewart, County Down
The National Trust’s record consists of Mount Stewart as, based on the report, in 1744 Alexander Stewart, ‘descendant of Scottish plantation landowners in County Donegal, used the immense dowry of his spouse, Mary Cowan, to buy land in County Down, together with an property that he renamed Mount Stewart’.
Mary was Alexander Stewart’s cousin, but additionally heiress to her brother, Sir Robert Cowan, an East India Company service provider who had pursued a profession buying and selling in espresso and different commodities in Lisbon and the Yemen earlier than changing into the Company’s Governor of Bombay in India.
Cragside, Northumberland
According to the National Trust, Sir William Armstrong, who owned Cragside, was a Newcastle upon Tyne-born industrialist, designer and producer of arms.
His work led to his knighthood in 1859 and his simultaneous appointment as authorities engineer for rifled ordnance and superintendent of the royal gun manufacturing facility at Woolwich.
The report states: ‘During the 4 years he was working immediately with the federal government, it positioned over £1 million price of orders for Armstrong breech-loading weapons.
‘The arms had been utilized by British navy forces in conflicts throughout the globe, together with these regarding imperial pursuits, and had been additionally used within the American Civil War.’
Dunham Massey, Cheshire
The corridor at Dunham Massey was inbuilt 1616 by Sir George Booth who married Mary, daughter of the East India Company service provider John Oldbury in 1702.
The report states there’s a household connection to colonial South Africa by Harry Grey, eighth Earl of Stamford, who lived in Cape Colony and married Martha Solomon(s).
After Harry’s dying, his son, John Grey, was thought of the rightful inheritor to the Stamford title and a seat within the House of Lords underneath Dutch legislation in South Africa, however not English legislation, as he had been born exterior of marriage.
The seat was granted to Grey’s nephew, William Grey (1850– 1910), who grew to become the ninth Earl of Stamford.
Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal, North Yorkshire
This abbey, one of many largest and finest preserved ruined monasteries in England, was inbuilt 1132 and was pillaged underneath the rule of Henry VIII in 1539.
The abbey is located in Studley Royal Park and is included within the record as a result of John Aislabie of Studley Royal supported the South Sea Company’s proposition to take over the nationwide debt in trade for presidency bonds.
The report notes that, having obtained a £20,000 bribe in firm inventory in trade for selling the scheme, Aislabie negotiated the South Sea contract and obtained the invoice handed within the House of Commons.
It provides: ‘He was serving as British Chancellor of the Exchequer when the South Sea Company collapsed in 1720.
‘Aislabie was compelled to resign the next 12 months, shortly earlier than a report into the collapse was printed. He was discovered responsible of corruption, expelled from the House of Commons and imprisoned within the Tower of London.’
Hare Hill, Cheshire
William Hibbert bought Hare Hill in 1797 and the property was inherited by his son, William Tetlow Hibbert, who lived there till 1879.
The Hibbert household amassed substantial wealth by buying and selling enslaved folks and the products produced utilizing enslaved labour throughout three generations.
William and William Tetlow Hibbert had been companions within the household enterprise, primarily based on the West India buying and selling home in London.
It owned ships and quays, and organised the transport, insurance coverage and distribution of commodities produced by enslaved labour, significantly sugar.
The Hibberts had been distinguished defenders of slavery in the course of the abolition campaign.
Nostell, West Yorkshire
The National Trust report states that the Winn household acquired the Nostell Estate within the mid-seventeenth century.
Archival information counsel that Sir Rowland Winn, 4th Baronet, invested in each the South Sea Company and the East India Company.
The cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale provided a lot of the furnishings and furnishings at Nostell.
The report notes that the Thomas Chippendale Account entry from 20 January 1770 within the West Yorkshire archive consists of ‘2 Blankets for the housekeepers & the blacks bed’, at a price of £1 3s. 0d.
Nunnington Hall, North Yorkshire
According to the National Trust report, Nunnington Hall was bought in 1839 by William Rutson.
William was the primary beneficiary of his father’s will, and his private wealth will be immediately related to his father’s enterprise actions.
The household of William’s spouse, Charlotte Mary Ewart, had been linked by enterprise to the Rutsons.
Rutson’s grandfather, who was additionally referred to as William Rutson, was a cotton service provider and slave-trader who operated from Liverpool as a associate within the agency Backhouse and Rutson, described as ‘African traders’.
Between 1780 and 1793, William the Elder was concerned in financing, or part-financing, a minimum of 42 voyages transporting enslaved Africans.
Quarry Bank Mill, Cheshire
Quarry Bank Mill has been included by the National Trust as a result of Samuel Greg constructed the mill in 1783.
It notes that though ‘Greg didn’t rely immediately on his Caribbean property earnings to enter the cotton commerce, his wealth was partly as a result of wider household engagement in companies associated to slavery by a number of generations’.
His uncle, John Greg, had been the primary Government Commissioner for the sale of land within the West Indies.
Rufford Old Hall, Lancashire
The Trust’s report states that Rufford Old Hall is linked by marriage to the early colonisation of North America by Lucy Rigby, who married Robert Hesketh of Rufford in 1641.
In 1643, Lucy’s father, Colonel Alexander Rigby, bought the ‘plough patent’, which gave him management of the impartial province of Lygonia in New England, an space within the southern a part of presentday Maine.
Lygonia was certainly one of eight patents for brand spanking new provinces created by the Plymouth Council, designed to encourage English settlement and develop native farming and forestry economies.
Seaton Delaval Hall, Northumberland
Seaton Delaval Hall has been recognized on the Trust’s record due to the Delaval household’s hyperlinks to colonialism.
The report notes that Admiral George Delaval (c.1668–1723) bought inventory within the South Sea Company in 1711, the 12 months of its formation, and maintained his shares till a minimum of 1720.
In the report, it states Sir John Hussey Delaval assumed a number one function in his household’s estates, and in 1766 ‘sought recommendation on the way to arrange and handle a sugar plantation from Joseph Manesty, a Liverpool slave-trader’.
Manesty’s detailed response consists of, for instance, lists of essential instruments and tools, acceptable furnishings for the ‘Masters House’ and the variety of folks required, together with ‘3 white servants … 10 Negro Men … 10 negro women’.
Speke Hall, Merseyside
This Grade I listed constructing was constructed by Sir William Norris who was MP for Liverpool (1695–1701) and anxious with defending town’s tobacco and sugar pursuits, based on the National Trust.
In 1696, he audited the East India Company accounts, and in 1698, chaired the Parliamentary Africa Select Committee.
Another of William’s brothers, Richard Norris, traded tobacco from Virginia and sugar from the West Indian plantations that enslaved Africans.
In 1795, Speke was offered to Richard Watt I who ‘owned the Saint George’s Plain Estate, Jamaica, and, in partnership with Alexander Allardyce, traded in slave-produced rum and sugar’.
Wallington Hall, Northumberland
This Grade I listed constructing handed to the Trevelyan household in 1777.
The National Trust say that in 1757, John, 4th Baronet Trevelyan of Nettlecombe, married the daughter of Peter Simond, who owned seven sugar plantations on Grenada, many in partnership along with his adopted son, John Peter Hankey.
Washington Old Hall, Tyne and Wear
The National Trust states that Washington Old Hall incorporates the medieval foundations of the property and is ‘owned by the ancestors of George Washington, the primary President of the United States, founding father of the American Constitution and holder of enslaved folks in Mount Vernon, Virginia’.
The report notes that there are a selection of notable objects within the assortment related to George and Martha Washington.
Wentworth Castle Gardens, South Yorkshire
Thomas Wentworth was proprietor of Wentworth Castle from 1708 to 1739.
The National Trust’s report states that ‘following his navy service, Wentworth started a diplomatic profession, first as envoy and later Ambassador to Berlin, the Hague and Ambassador-Extraordinary to Brandenburg-Prussia’.
In 1711, Wentworth was appointed as joint negotiator for the Treaty of Utrecht. As a part of these negotiations in 1713, Britain signed a contract with Spain giving it unique rights, by the South Sea Company, to provide enslaved Africans to the Spanish territories, often known as the asiento de negros.
Barrington Court, Somerset
The National Trust say they acquired Barrington Court in 1907, in a derelict situation.
From 1920, Barrington was leased and restored by Colonel Abram Arthur Lyle, utilizing architectural salvage collected from different homes.
Lyle was the grandson of the founding father of Abram Lyle & Sons, a sugar-producing firm of which the colonel grew to become director, and which merged to type Tate & Lyle in 1921.
Both companies had been established after the abolition of slavery. The early nineteenth and early twentieth century British sugar business was predominantly provided by Caribbean plantations, based underneath colonialism and supported by enslaved labour.
Bath Assembly Rooms, Somerset
Bath and its ‘New’ or ‘Upper’ Assembly Rooms had been related to wider colonial and slavery economies of the eighteenth century.
The Assembly Rooms had been designed by John Wood the Younger and opened in 1771.
They had been funded by a tontine subscription, a type of group life-annuity funding wherein survivors profit from the deaths of different individuals.
James Leigh–Perrot, one such founding investor, was the maternal uncle of the writer Jane Austen.
In 1764, he married Jane Cholmeley, who was born in Barbados to Robert Cholmeley and latterly the sister-in-law of the Barbados Governor William Spry.
The couple lived a part of the 12 months in Bath, and it’s believed Jane LeighPerrot was heiress to her father’s plantations. Executors for her mom, Ann Workman (d.1790), offered a plantation in 1791.
Buckland Abbey, Devon
The National Trust report states that Buckland Abbey was acquired by the Grenville household in 1541.
Sir Richard Grenville (1542–91), an MP and naval commander, transformed the monastic buildings round 1576.
As Sheriff of Cork, Ireland, he transplanted over 100 English settlers.
It is probably going he invested in Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ‘New World’ expeditions of 1578 and 1583.
In 1585, Grenville sailed colonists to ascertain Roanoke (now North Carolina), ordered the destruction of the Native American Aquascogoc village as punishment for a lacking silver cup, and transported to Bideford a Native American, who was baptised in 1588 as ‘Raleigh a Wynganditoian’ and died a 12 months later.
In 1581, Sir Francis Drake purchased Buckland and made alterations.
Drake’s kinsman, John Hawkins, initiated the English triangular slave commerce route from 1562, and Drake sailed on his ships.
In 1572, Drake met Diego, an escaped enslaved African, when attacking the Spanish city of Nombre de Dios in present-day Panama.
Castle Drogo, Devon
Castle Drogo was constructed for the tea-merchant Julius Drewe and designed by the architect of New Delhi, Sir Edwin Lutyens.
At the age of 18, Drewe was despatched to China as a tea-buyer by his uncle, Francis Peek, a associate in Liverpool tea-merchants Peek and Winch.
Julius’s nice uncle, Richard Peek, one of many three brothers who based Peek and Winch, was an abolitionist and philanthropist who was on the organising committee of the anti-slavery conventions held in London in 1840 and 1843.
The Peek and Winch firm later expanded into espresso, cocoa, rubber and spices, and owned plantations within the Dutch East Indies. In 1878, Drewe returned to Liverpool and opened the Willow Pattern Tea Store.
Clevedon Court, Somerset
According to the National Trust, Sir Abraham Elton I bought Clevedon Court in 1709.
He was an industrialist, service provider, MP, alderman, Mayor of Bristol and member and Master of town’s Society of Merchant Venturers.
Elton’s business actions included brass and iron foundries, tin and calamine mines, glass and pottery works, salt manufacturing and material weaving.
Many of those merchandise had been exported to Africa, stocking ships he owned that transported enslaved Africans to Jamaica, Barbados and Carolina.
Compton Castle and Greenway, Devon
The Gilbert household owned each Compton Castle and Greenway for the reason that Middle Ages.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, MP, soldier, explorer and half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, fought in Ireland and tried to ascertain a colony.
In 1578, he obtained letters patent to hunt out new lands within the Americas, which led to an unsuccessful voyage the identical 12 months.
In 1583, he sailed to Newfoundland and claimed the primary ‘New World’ territory for England since John Cabot in 1497.
Gilbert died getting back from the expedition when his ship Squirrel sank close to the Azores.
In 1606, Gilbert’s son Captain Raleigh Gilbert collectively obtained letters patent for the Virginia Company of Plymouth and, in 1607, led the institution of the short-lived Popham Colony in Maine.
Cotehele, Devon
The National Trust report states that the Edgcumbes had been a longtime Cornish household, who acquired Cotehele in 1353 by marriage.
Successive generations had been extremely energetic in regional politics, navy and mining actions.
In 1741, Edgecombe County in North Carolina was named for Richard Edgcumbe, who was made 1st Baron Edgcumbe the next 12 months, and was a member of the Board of Trade which, together with the Secretaries of State, was chargeable for British colonial affairs, significantly these in North America.
A settlement referred to as Edgecomb in Lincoln County, Maine, was, based on the American Geological Survey of 1905, ‘named for Lord Edgecombe, a friend of the American colonies’.
Dyrham Park, Gloucestershire
George Wynter and Sir William MP, naval commanders of Lydney, Gloucestershire, purchased Dyrham Park in 1571.
Wynter owned vessels sailed in John Hawkins’s slave-trading voyages within the 1560s.
George’s son, John, captained Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of 1577.
John’s great-granddaughter, Mary Wynter, the only Dyrham heiress, married William Blathwayt MP in 1686.
Blathwayt was introduced up by his uncle Thomas Povey, an MP and colonial administrator.
Povey co-authored ‘Overtures’ for Oliver Cromwell (in 1654) that outlined authorities colonial administration, sat on colonial committees and councils, and was a member of the Royal African Company.
Glastonbury Tor, Somerset
In 1825 the Rev. Hon. George Neville-Grenville inherited Butleigh Court together with Glastonbury Tor.
In 1836, Neville administered compensation of £6,630 5s. 6d. for 379 enslaved folks on the Hope Estate, St Andrew, Jamaica, owned by Richard Temple-Nugent-BrydgesChandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos of Stowe.
Neville was performing as trustee for the wedding settlement benefiting the Duke’s son and inheritor, Richard (1797–1861).
Godolphin, Cornwall
Sir William Godolphin MP died with out kids and left the Godolphin Estates to his brother, Sidney, 1st Earl of Godolphin and the Lord Treasurer.
The Earl of Godolphin oversaw monetary restructuring of the Treasury, together with financing the expensive War of Spanish Succession.
This was aided by his negotiations in 1707 for the consolidation of the East India Company and the New India Company, with particular privileges in return for a mortgage to the federal government of over £3 million.
Another brother, Charles, who additionally labored within the Treasury, was a Commissioner of Customs, a director within the Royal African Company and an East India Company investor.
Kingston Lacy and Corfe Castle, Dorset
Henry Bankes MP inherited Kingston Lacy and Corfe Castle from his father in 1776, and in 1784 married the daughter of a plantation proprietor and Governor of the Leeward Islands.
The similar 12 months he commissioned architect Robert Furze Brettingham to rework Kingston Lacy.
Henry and Frances’s son and inheritor, William John Bankes MP, made an unsuccessful declare in 1836, as a Woodley trustee, for compensation of £2,925 4s. second. for 172 enslaved folks on St Kitts.
According to the National Trust, William John undertook a Grand Tour between 1813 and 1822, largely travelling by Egypt and Syria.
He amassed one of many largest non-public collections of ancient-Egyptian artefacts, together with the Philae obelisk (2nd century BC).
Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire
The National Trust states that John Rock Grosett MP was a plantation proprietor who leased Lacock Abbey in the course of the 1820s.
He was the son of Schaw Grosett, a service provider of Clifton, Bristol, and Mary Rock.
John Rock Grosett married his cousin, Mary Spencer Shirley, and thru his father, mom and spouse obtained a mixed inheritance of a minimum of three Jamaican estates: Chepstow Pen and Spring Gardens Estate in St George, and Petersfield in St Thomas-inthe-East.
In 1822, he joined the Standing Committee of The London Society of West India Planters and Merchants and supported planters’ pursuits in Parliament.
Lanhydrock, Cornwall
This Grade I listed constructing got here underneath the possession of the Robartes household within the Seventeenth century.
The National Trust report states that the household has ties to colonialism as a result of ‘John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor, held senior governmental roles, together with Privy Councillor, Lord Privy Seale and, briefly, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland’.
They go on to notice that he sat on successive influential colonial teams, together with the Committee for Trade and Plantations, the Council of Trade, the Council for Foreign Plantations and the Board of Trade.
He was additionally a member of assorted corporations, together with the Providence Company and the Company for Propagation of the Gospel in New England.
Lundy, Devon
Thomas Benson was Sheriff of Devon and the MP for Barnstaple, in addition to a smuggler and practitioner of piracy.
The National Trust says that in 1747, he gained a contract to ship convicts to Virginia and Maryland, however as an alternative shipped them to Lundy, the place he employed them as slave labour.
In the following court docket case, Benson argued that transporting the convicts to Lundy was no totally different from transporting them to the Americas, and his interpretation of the legislation was upheld.
Newark Park, Gloucestershire
According to the National Trust, Sir Thomas Lowe bought Newark Park in 1593.
Sir Thomas was a material service provider, MP, Mayor of London, Master of the Haberdashers’ Company and Governor of each the Merchant Adventurers [of London] and the Levant Company.
His maiden speech as an MP in 1607 petitioned on behalf of Mediterranean and West Indies retailers.
In 1769, James Clutterbuck purchased Newark Park.
A mercer and banker from London, he left Newark Park to his godson, Rev. Lewis Clutterbuck.
Rev. Clutterbuck’s son, Lewis II, married the daughter of William Balfour of Martha Brae, Trelawney, Jamaica.
In the compensation information, Sarah Clutterbuck was awarded £290 11s. 9d. for 12 enslaved folks in St James, Jamaica, in 1836, and made an unsuccessful declare of £2,169 4s. second. for 98 enslaved folks from the Retirement Estate, St Ann, Jamaica, in 1839.
Saltram, Devon
According to the National Trust, James Bagg MP, a service provider and Mayor of Plymouth in Devon, bought Saltram round 1614.
The report notes that ‘he invested within the Virginia Company of Plymouth (established in 1606) and its successor, the Plymouth Council for New England (established in 1620), alongside along with his son and inheritor, Sir James Bagg MP, a service provider and Deputy-Mayor of Plymouth’.
In 1632, Sir James was elected to the Plymouth Council for New England. Both father and son had been Comptrollers of Customs in Plymouth and Fowey, Cornwall.
Sherborne Park Estate, Gloucestershire
This historic property has been included on the record as a result of proprietor John Dutton, who inherited the Sherborne Park Estate in 1820, was an executor for the property of Sir Rose Price, who had married his cousin, Elizabeth Lambert (1782–1826).
As co-executor, Lord Sherborne administered compensation of £3,579 3s. second. for 464 enslaved folks on the Worthy Park Estate, St John, Jamaica, in 1836, however is unlikely to have personally benefited.
Shute Barton, Devon
The Trust notes that Sir William Templer Pole inherited from his father each Shute Barton ({a partially} demolished fourteenth-century home) and the newly-built New Shute House (which isn’t owned by the National Trust).
It states: ‘In 1835, he obtained compensation from two estates, collectively inherited with kinsman Henry Coombe Compton from their great-grandfather, John Mills of Woodford Bridge, Essex.
‘The awards had been £2,512 8s. 0d. for 170 enslaved folks on the Mills plantation and £2,784 8s. 4d. for 170 enslaved folks on the Golden Rock plantation, each St Kitts.’
Snowshill Manor, Gloucestershire
Estate proprietor Abraham Solomon Wade of St Martin married Frances Paget of St Kitts.
Frances obtained compensation of £145 4s. 7d. for 9 enslaved folks in 1835.
Their son, Solomon Abraham Wade, was a service provider, agent and, latterly, plantation proprietor on St Kitts, receiving compensation in 1835 of £29 17s. 4d. for 2 enslaved folks and shared £109 19s. 0d. for seven enslaved folks.
Stourhead, Wiltshire
The National Trust report states that Henry Hoare purchased the Stourhead Estate by 1717 and between 1720 and 1725 demolished the sooner home for a brand new design by the architect Colen Campbell.
In 1719 Hoare inherited his father’s financial institution which, in the course of the interval of the South Sea Bubble (February to September 1720), earned him a revenue of £21,000 (about £1.6 million in 2020).
The Bank’s business success was achieved by ‘using the bubble’, by shopping for South Sea Company inventory when it fell in worth and promoting it when it had a big rise.
Trengwainton Garden, Cornwall
Sir Rose Price, 1st Baronet bought Trengwainton in 1814 and set about rebuilding the home and laying out gardens.
Price was descended from a longtime Cornish-Jamaican plantation-owning household who acquired 840 acres of land referred to as Worthy Park in St John, Jamaica, in 1670.
Sir Rose Price owned or managed a number of Jamaican plantations.
Following his dying in 1834, his executors dealt with compensation claims from his property, together with £3,579 3s. second. for 464 enslaved folks at Worthy Park in 1836, with a second profitable declare at Worthy Park for £5,860 9s. 11d. in 1838, and one other declare for £1,662 0s. 5d. for 79 enslaved folks at Spring Garden, St Dorothy. Trengwainton was offered by mortgage holders in 1835.
Tyntesfield, Somerset
According to the National Trust, William Gibbs, often known as ‘the richest commoner in England’, bought the Georgian home and property at Tyntesfield in 1844.
It states: ‘His nice wealth, which enabled the whole remodelling of Tyntesfield from 1863, was accrued by his firm Anthony Gibbs & Sons, which had held a monopoly for importing Peruvian bird-guano fertiliser.
‘A. Gibbs & Sons’ guano enterprise operated from 1842 to 1861 and, with stress from exterior observers, staff’ situations improved by elevated pay and entry to primary medical care.
‘Yet most extraction was carried out by indentured and sometimes coerced Chinese laborers, working in slavery like situations, alongside convicts, conscripts and military deserters, and, earlier than the abolition of Peruvian slavery in 1854, enslaved folks.
‘In his youth, Gibbs was briefly employed by his uncle, George Gibbs (1753–1818) of the West Indian buying and selling home which grew to become Gibbs, Bright, and Co. This firm later merged with A. Gibbs & Sons in 1881, and in 1887 the unprofitable WestIndies buying and selling Bristol workplace was shut.’
Chirk Castle, Wrexham
Chirk Castle was constructed from 1295 for Roger Mortimer and ‘some 300 years later, it was bought by Sir Thomas Myddelton I’ whom the Trust say was ‘a distinguished determine in late-sixteenth-century sugar buying and selling, in funding in privateering actions, and within the East India Company’.
Myddelton was apprenticed to the London grocer Fernandino Poyntz, grew to become a sugar dealer in Antwerp round 1583, and later acquired a sugar refinery in Mincing Lane, London.
Erddig, Wrexham
The Yorkes inherited Erddig from John Meller, who was a lawyer and Master of the High Court of Chancery.
The National Trust state that Meller purchased Erddig in 1714, changing into sole proprietor in 1716.
It provides: ‘The home was constructed by Joshua Edisbury. One of Edisbury’s benefactors, Elihu Yale, made his fortune with the East India Company as Governor of Fort St. George, Madras (now Chennai).
‘Yale supported the institution of Yale University, whose assortment features a portray of Yale with Lord James Cavendish, who married his daughter, and a black pageboy or servant carrying a collar.’
The Trust notes that Erddig’s revenue additionally got here from the leasing of mineral rights to ironworks, together with these at Bersham. There had been hyperlinks between the ironworking business and the slave commerce, though there aren’t any confirmed connections with Erddig.
Paxton’s Tower, Carmarthenshire
Paxton’s Tower is a banqueting home previously throughout the panorama of Middleton Hall (which isn’t owned by the National Trust).
The Trust states that in about 1789, the property was bought by William Paxton.
During the early 1770s, Paxton held the publish of Assay Master of Fort William, Bengal, and in 1778 he was appointed Master of the Calcutta Mint.
He later grew to become an East India Company agent and banker. Between 1793 and 1795, Paxton commissioned the architect Samuel Pepys Cockerell to design a Palladian mansion at Middleton, together with the banqueting home.
As a Carmarthenshire MP, Paxton additionally invested within the native space, growing Tenby as a washing resort and offering a piped-water provide to Carmarthen.
In 1824, Middleton was purchased by Edward Hamlin Adams, who was born in Jamaica and presumably descended from the Adams household of Barbados.
He was a trustee within the Charlottenburg Estate and joint proprietor of a plantation at Port Royal, Jamaica, which documented 18 enslaved folks in 1823.
The Trust state that between 1817 and 1829, Adams, Robertson and Co. provided quite a lot of enslaved males to foot regiments as ‘pioneers’.
Penrhyn Castle, Caernarfonshire
Gifford Pennant was a soldier serving in Jamaica round 1655, who later settled and established sugar plantations in Clarendon.
His son Edward prolonged the estates and have become Chief Justice of Jamaica.
The report states that the following technology of the Pennant household departed Jamaica: Samuel grew to become a associate in Drake, Pennant and Long West India Merchants, and Lord Mayor of London in 1749; and John grew to become a profitable Liverpool service provider.
John’s son, Richard, 1st Baron Penrhyn, married Anne Susannah Warburton in 1765, re-uniting the Penrhyn Estate.
Richard was a Liverpool MP and a vigorous defender of the slave commerce.
Powis Castle, Powys
Powis Castle grew to become related to the Clive household following the wedding of Edward Clive, 2nd Baron Clive of Plassey, later 1st Earl of Powis, to Lady Henrietta Herbert.
Edward Clive grew to become Governor of Madras (now Chennai) in 1798.
He was the son of Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey, the primary British Governor of Bengal and a significant determine within the East India Company.
Robert amassed huge fortunes derived from his actions in India, each in money and in tremendous and ornamental arts.
Tredegar House, Monmouthshire
According to the National Trust, Tredegar House is a Restoration home, constructed round an earlier Tudor home in the course of the 1660 and 1670s, and the house of the Morgan household.
The Morgan household, the report notes, owned shares within the Royal African Company, the mercantile firm arrange by City of London retailers in 1660, to commerce alongside the west coast of Africa, led by James, Duke of York, the brother of Charles II.
Between 1674 and 1685, the Morgans commissioned a ship, the Tredegar of Newport, which traded with Barbados in 1676 and returned to Bristol with cargoes of sugar for Bristol retailers.
The report states: ‘It is exactly at this era that Tredegar House was accomplished, very in all probability supported by profitable commerce with the West Indies, though additional analysis is required.’
Read the complete report from the National Trust here.
Read More at www.dailymail.co.uk
source https://infomagzine.com/national-trust-members-launch-campaign-against-charitys-woke-agenda/
No comments:
Post a Comment